Selection of Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids
Selection of Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids
It is a very difficult to identify the hybrid cells microsopically, therefore, some type of selection technique are required at the level of culture to recover hybrid cell and its callus tissue following fusion. Some important selection procedures are discussed below:
1. Auxin:
The selection of hybrids of Nicotiana glauca and N. langsdorffi is based on auxin autotrophy of the hybrid cells. The parental protoplast or cell requires an auxin compounds in order to proliferate, whereas hybrid callus tissue needs no such requirements because cells are auxin autotrophic. Therefore, somatic hybrid cells can be isolated selectively by growth on auxin free culture medium. Auxin autotrophy of the hybrid cell is expressed only as a result of the genetic combination of two parental protoplasts.
2. Use of Genetic Complementation:
Melcher and Lalib (1974) first used genetic complementation to isolate green somatic hybrids following fusion of two distinct homozygous haploid recessive albino mutants of Nicotiana tabacum. A population of albino protoplasts are fused with either a population of protoplasts isolated from a second non-allelic albino mutant or with a population of normal mesophyll protoplasts. In this process, the parental protoplasts form the albino colony whereas the hybrid protoplast will produce either light green or green colony. This can be usually distinguished at the cultural level. In addition, morphological markers can also be used in combination with the genetic complementation.
3. Use of Uncommon Amino Acid:
Attempts have also been made to utilise uncommon amino acid as selective agents, conavalin which is present in some legumes, inhibits division of soybean and pea cells but sweet clover and alfalfa are unaffected. Heterocaryon obtained by the fusion of protoplast from soybean with those from any one of the resistant plant will divide in presence of Conavalin.
4. Use of Cells Resistant to Amino Acid Analog:
A number of cell lines resistant to amino acid analogs have been isolated and are used routinely for the selection of hybrid cells following protoplast fusion. For example , using cell lines resistant to 5-methyl –tryptophan ( 5-MT) and S-2 amino ethyl-cystein (AEC) , the Interspecific hybrids of Nicotiana sylvestris are selected after protoplast fusion using medium containing both amino acid analogs.
In case of Daucus, two different cell lines have been raised for the selection of hybrid cells. A non-regenerating cell lines of D. carota is resistant to 5-MT and azetidine 3- carboxylate ( AZC), whereas a totipotancy wild type of D. capillifolius is sensitive to 5-MT. Hybrid colonies are selected by growth on 5-MT added medium and their to form plant through embryogenesis.
5. Use of Phytotoxin:
Some well known fungal toxin may be used in selecting the fusion product. For example, the protoplast of cultured soybean cells resistant to Hm T toxin produced by Helminthosporium maydis race T, whereas the leaf protoplasts of Zeamays are sensitive to this toxin. It has been observed that fusion product of soybean and Zeamays survive on toxin containing medium.
6. Use of Antibiotic:
The drug Actinomycin D has been used in the selection of somatic hybrids of two Petunia species. The cells from fusion product of protoplasts from P.parodii and P.hybrida can give rise to the complete plant via callus formation. The cell of P. hybrida fails to grow in the presence of Actinomycin D.
Similarly, a kenamycin resistant cell line of Nicotiana Sylvestris has been used as genetic marker to identify the fusion product of N.Sylvestris and N. Knightiana. Similarly, streptomycin resistant mutant of N. tabacum are also used to recover interspecific hybrids with N.sylvestris. Cyclochexamide resistant cell of Daucus Carota can be used as a marker for the fusion with albino cell line of D. Carota.
7. Use of Auxotrophic Mutant:
Auxotrophic mutants have been successfully used to isolate hybrid protoplast in Spherocarpus donnelii. Hybrids obtained by fusion of protoplasts from nicotinic acid and glucose requiring mutants are selected on the minimal media. The regenerated hybrid plants are identified on the basis of morphology and karyotype.
8. Use of Metabolic Mutants:
A series of nitrate reductase deficient mutants have been obtained from mutegenised haploid cells of Nicotiana tabacum cultured on medium containing chlorate and with amino acids as a nitrogen source. Cells with nitrate reductase convert chlorate to chlorite which is cytotoxic. The isolated mutants are unable to grow on nitrate containing medium and lack nitrate reductase and other molybdenum-protein containing enzymes. Chlorophyll deficient mutants have also been selected from haploid cells of Datura innoxia after radiation treatment.
Similarly, metabolic mutant of Arabidopsis and proline requiring mutant of corn have been reported.
9. Using Isoenzyme Analysis:
Isoenzymes are multiple molecular forms of an enzyme with a similar or identical substrate specificity occurring within the same organism. Now –a – days, isoenzyme analysis has been extensively used to verify hybridity. Isoenzymes of different constitutive enzymes exhibit the unique banding pattern or zymograms in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The number of band and Rr value of isoenzyme are constant and specific for each parental plant species. The summation or intermediate banding pattern of Isoenzymes may be found in the hybrid callus tissue. This analysis thus help to select hybrid cells.
10. Use of Herbicides:
Plants possess differences in their capacity to metabolize herbicides. This property can be utilised effectively for selection. For example, rice plants are resistant to propanil. This resistant is based on the ability of rice cells to metabolize propanil.
11. Chromosome Analysis of Hybrid Cell:
Chromosome preparation from actively growing small cell colonies derived from protoplasts and their karyotype assay clearly indicate the hybridity.